The aim of this paper is to identify the main challenges regarding the achievement of a low-carbon energy system in the EU by 2050. We analyze the visions presented by stakeholders and existing strategies of member state to achieve this transition. The five main challenges identified are the...

This report was produced as part of the THINK project. The value and necessity of demand response as a flexibility means has been widely recognised among stakeholders and policy makers in Europe (e.g. EC, 2011a, 2012a, 2012b; Smart Grids Task Force, 2013; ENTSOE, 2012b). The gradual roll-out of smart...

This report was produced as part of the THINK project. In order to deliver the 2050 objectives of greenhouse gas reduction, significant changes are essential in the building sector. Our report describes the building refurbishment challenge, maps the policy options to tackle this challenge and...

This report was produced as part of the THINK project. The existing transmission grid in Europe is located mainly onshore. Nonetheless, there are also grid developments offshore that should not be neglected. Indeed, there is also part of the transmission grid located offshore, which includes...

This report was produced as part of the THINK project. Cities represent simultaneously a challenge and an opportunity for climate change policy. Chapter 1 introduces the fundamentals of energy in cities, distinguishing between cities as energy systems and energy actors. Cities are the place...

This booklet shares some of the research carried out by the Florence School of Regulation since 2010. We have looked at various areas: from smart grids to Schengen-like energy agreements, and from incentive regulation to European Gas Target Model.

This report was produced as part of the THINK project. Following the European Council's target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80 to 95% below 1990 levels by 2050, the European Commission recently released a roadmap that already indicates what could be the relative contributions of the...

This report was produced as part of the THINK project. The existing transmission grid in Europe is located mainly onshore. Nonetheless, there are also grid developments offshore that should not be neglected. Indeed, there is also part of the transmission grid located offshore, which includes...

This report was produced as part of the THINK project. In order to deliver the 2050 objectives of greenhouse gas reduction, significant changes are essential in the building sector. Our report describes the building refurbishment challenge, maps the policy options to tackle this challenge and...

This report was produced as part of the THINK project. In order to accelerate the infrastructure investments that are important for the achievement of the EU energy policy objectives, the European Commission has proposed an Energy Infrastructure package. The package includes a new Regulation on...