Growth vs. development -- New nations (independence-1870) -- Export-led growth (1870-1930) : part I -- Export-led growth (1870-1930) : part II -- State-led growth (1930-1980) -- The market return (1980-2008) -- Recent history (2008-2022).

Using archival and primary source evidence, this chapter introduces the first real wage series from 1891 to 1930 for Brazil’s most important immigrant and industrial city, São Paulo. This is the first price series, nominal wage series, and real wage series for the city that covers the...