In recent years, the Kenya cut flower industry has been criticised for poor labour practices, raising questions about the capacity of codes of conduct to improve working conditions. Multi-stakeholder processes are touted as one way to improve the effectiveness of codes, particularly where there...

Cut flower production is now a major part of the Kenyan economy, but the country's success in supplying European markets has brought with it increased attention to the industry's social and environmental impacts. Driven by the various concerns of consumers, retailers, European regulators and...

The significance of private standards and associated local level initiatives in agri-food value chains are increasingly recognised. However whilst issues related to compliance and impact at the smallholder or worker level have frequently been analysed, the governance implications in terms of how...