In this reply, we respond to a series of substantive comments on our work by both Madhavan and Walker. In our response to Madhavan’s comments, we consider three accounts – “weak,” “semi-strong” and “strong” – that clarify how our model “explains” and offers insights that...

To a large extent, the recent interest in the geographic distribution of economic activity marks a return to earlier times. Both of the two primary disciplines – economics and sociology – that inform the study of strategy began with explicit consideration of the importance of geography. On...

Organizations create their environments by constructing interpretations and then acting on them as if they were true. This study examines the cognitive spatial boundaries that managers of Manhattan hotels impose on their competitive environment. We derive and estimate a model that specifies how...