Business Interest Associations vary widely in their governability defined as their ability to unify members interests and ensure goal compliance. How can these variations be explained? To what extent is associational effectiveness governed by factors in the external environment of an association...

This article examines the early stages of the self-service and supermarket innovations in post-war Britain. It does so in the context of co-operative retailers and in particular investigates both why such organizations were pre-eminent in the adoption of self-service as well as how they...

This essay seeks to draw attention to important structural and spatial trends in British retailing within the period 1850- 1939. In doing so three main issues are raised. First, discussion focuses on the fragmented nature of existing literature on retail change and in particular the increasing...