For the evaporation of the pure liquid under the condition of constant temperature and constant external pressure, the phase equilibrium of the liquid vapor in the bubble and the liquid outside the bubble is always a kind of stable equilibrium whether there is air or not in the bubble. If there...

Solute crystallization equilibrium contains a stable equilibrium and an unstable equilibrium. The system must get across an energy peak of unstable equilibrium first, and then get into an energy valley of stable equilibrium during the solute crystallization. When solution is diluted, the energy...

The interaction energies between two similar plane double layers for CaCl2-type asymmetric electrolytes at positive surface potential are expanded in the power series at lower potential and smaller absolute value of integral constant as well as higher potential and larger absolute value of...

Several elliptic integrals related to the interaction energy between two dissimilar parallel plates (the potentials on the two plates are of the same sign) are expanded in several fast convergent series for lower and higher surface potentials, respectively. The number of series terms required to...

Several rapidly-convergent series for the computation of the interaction energy between dissimilar plane parallel double layers (y0 0 yd ≥ -y0) are derived by expanding the interaction energy in the power series of ω0[ω0 tanh(y0/64)]. The series terms required to obtain the interaction...

Gibbs adsorption isotherm of the multicomponent system for concentration instead of chemical potential as independent variables is deduced and explained in a simple way. For the multicomponent system composed of α and β phases with plane interface, if the β phase is a dilute solution, and...

The system must get across an energy peak of unstable equilibrium during the condensation of pure vapor; as the supersaturated extent of vapor increases and the temperature decreases, the energy peak shortens and vapor condensation becomes easier. The system must get across an energy peak of...

In the team context, leaders usually develop differentiated leader-member exchange relationships with employees, resulting in some employees having relatively inferior relationships with the leader than others. Nevertheless, how and when employees with low relative leader-member exchange (RLMX)...