Biofuels are increasingly being produced and consumed as a partial substitute to fossil-fuel based transport fuels in the fight against climate change. One policy introduced recently by some countries to help ensure biofuels perform better than fossil fuels environmentally is sustainability...

The place of agriculture in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) prior to 1986 is usually described in terms of either exclusion or exemption from general trading rules. This paper reevaluates the ‘exemption’ argument and its corollary that the Uruguay Round Agreement on...

In December 2005, the European Council agreed a Financial Perspective for 2007-2013. This reduced significantly planned EU spending compared with the Commission proposal. Morover, if effectively redistributed net funds from new poorer member states to old richer members. This paper charts the...