We distinguish two sources of variation in the book-to-market ratio (BTM) -- bias and lags -- with different implications for future book return on equity (ROE). We hypothesize that the bias and lag components of the BTM both have negative implications for future ROE, but the bias component's...

The language of businessIn order to understand how your business is performing right now and to evaluate, assess, and devise new strategies to boost future performance, you need information. Financial statements are a critical source of the information you need.In direct and simple terms,...