In competitive telecommunications markets each carrier relies on competing networks to terminate internetwork calls. Regulators typically require the calling party's network to pay a termination fee to the called party's network equal to the terminating network's "incremental cost" of completing...

Should the supplier of a bottleneck input be prevented from vertically integrating downstream unless the (perhaps regulated) price of the input is set equal to costs? This issue has arisen with respect to the entry of incumbent local exchange carriers into the provision of long distance...