Geographical Information Systems (GISs) are often used to assist marketing planners inidentifying suitable retail locations, regionally distributing advertising campaigns, or targetingdirect marketing activities. GIS–thematic maps facilitate the visual assessment of mapregions.A broad set of...

Technology advances and competitive pressure have shortened the life cycles for many products (e.g., in the mobile phone industry) and drastically increase the penalty of holding obsolete finished goods inventories. Standard planning methods lead to high forecasting errors and - as a consequence...