Theory tells us that managerial ownership of shares in a firm generates two conflicting effects on management behaviour, i.e. the convergence effect whereby increased managerial ownership can improve corporate performance, and the entrenchment effect which counters it. A number of studies have...

Does multinationality affect the Initial Public Offering (IPO) performance of entrepreneurial firms? Theoretical arguments can be made for a positive effect of multinationality as well as for a negative effect. We examine this question empirically by analysing IPO data for 240 UK firms. We find...

The short run underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs) is one of the best-documented anomalies in finance. The Rock model explains this anomaly in terms of horizontal information asymmery amongst investors. In this paper comprehensive IPO data from the UK main market for the period...