Recent studies show that large multinational enterprises (MNEs) adopt an organizational unit, called host-country headquarters (HCHQ), in key foreign countries (Ma and Delios, 2010; Ma, Delios and Lau, 2013). In this study, we examine the factors that are associated with the establishment of an HCHQ...

Many international joint ventures have a pre-determined duration in the formation contract. However, what influences the ex ante anticipated duration has not been well researched. In this study, we applied the autonomy versus cooperation adaptability of transaction costs economics to examine the...