This chapter analyzes the effects of successes and failures on organizational learning. The analysis contrasts behavioral and cognitive approaches, illustrating these with an example of technological development by an interorganizational coalition and an example of industry-wide development...

Crises are situations that threaten organizations' continued existence. Organizations encounter crises largely because they did not adapt sufficiently to changes in their social or technological environments. When organizations do face crises, their responses have a series of phases. At first,...

This article prescribes how an organization can meet social and technological changes and reap advantage from them. Long-term viability maximizes in a self-designing organization, in which those who perform activities take primary responsibility for learning and for inventing new methods, and in...