An important class of models for macroscopic dynamic network loading (DNL) and dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) is based on treating link travel times as a function of link occupancy. However, these models suffer from some problems or deficiencies namely (a) the link outflows can violate...

Organisation theorists have long been aware of the organisational problems caused by environmental uncertainty. Recently supply chain theorists have identified the same issue for supply chains. It is the premise of this paper that one possible way of reducing these problems is through the use of...