Railroad contingency planning is linked up with an elaborate government network including the Departments of Transportation, Defense (principally the Joint Chiefs of Staff). Justice, Commerce, and Energy and the Interstate Commerce Commission. The railroads have played a key role in the response...

In this study, we examined the mortality and fertility effects of the early health-insurance programs sponsored by several European governments in the course of the demographic transition. Three sets of effects were hypothesized, and tested with data for five countries, covering the 1875-1913...

Urbanization, Sanitation, and Mortality in the Progressive Era, 1899-1929 -- The Continuing Puzzle of Hypertension among African Americans: Developmental Origins and the Mid-century Socioeconomic Transformation -- Health and Safety vs. Freedom of Contract: The Tortured Path of Wage and Hours...