Railroad contingency planning is linked up with an elaborate government network including the Departments of Transportation, Defense (principally the Joint Chiefs of Staff). Justice, Commerce, and Energy and the Interstate Commerce Commission. The railroads have played a key role in the response...

In this study, we examined the mortality and fertility effects of the early health-insurance programs sponsored by several European governments in the course of the demographic transition. Three sets of effects were hypothesized, and tested with data for five countries, covering the 1875-1913...

As this comprehensive Companion demonstrates, social economics is a dynamic and growing field that emphasizes the key role that values play in the economy and in economic life. Social economics treats the economy and economics as being embedded in the larger web of social and ethical...

A fundamental question of economic and technological history is why some civilizations adopted new and important technologies and others did not. In this paper, we construct a simple political-economy model that suggests that rulers may not accept a productivity-enhancing technology when it...