This paper introduces the paired comparison model as a suitable approach for the analysis of partially ranked data. For example, the Inglehart index, collected in international social surveys to examine shifts in post-materialistic values, generates such data on a set of attitude items. However,...

<Para ID="Par1">This article suggests a new approach for modelling longitudinal paired comparison data. As individual preferences may change from one time point to another, we propose extending the basic log-linear Bradley–Terry model by incorporating a Markovian structure with temporal within-comparison...</para>

The non-consequentialist approach to punishment sentences on the basis of offence-seriousness. However, there has been little theoretical or empirical consideration of the notion of offence-seriousness. Identification of 'serious' offences tends to be commonsensical at best. Further, there is...