Males of the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus have spines on their intromittent organs that puncture the female reproductive tract during mating. Females kick their mates during copulation. If females are prevented from kicking the males, copulations last longer and the injuries females...

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between how much a new cardiovascular therapy improves clinical outcomes over current therapies and how much more it can cost while still remaining Design: We developed a decision model to predict the 6-month cumulative cost savings and increased life...

Background: Previous studies of economic content in medical journal advertisements have not examined all types of economic content and have not included advertisements for medical devices. Objective: To examine trends in the economic content of medical device and pharmaceutical advertisements in...

General health state classification systems, such as the EuroQol instrument, have been developed to improve the systematic measurement and comparability of health state preferences. In this paper we generate valuations for EuroQol health states using responses to this instrument's visual...

Introduction: A 16-week, open-label, multicentre, randomised trial of weekly epoetin alfa 40_000 units versus biweekly darbepoetin alfa 200mug among 358 patients with solid-tumour cancers and chemotherapy-induced anaemia demonstrated superior haematological outcomes with epoetin alfa. We sought...

Background: For trials in which participants are followed beyond the main study period to assess long-term outcomes, economic evaluations conducted using short-term data should be systematically updated to reflect new information. Methods: We used 60-month survival data from the IRIS...

Patents for several blockbuster biological products are expected to expire soon. The Food and Drug Administration is examining whether biologics can and should be treated like pharmaceuticals with regard to generics. In contrast with pharmaceuticals, which are manufactured through chemical...