Non-tariff measures (NTMs) beyond traditional trade policy instruments define the requirements that importing countries imposed on foreign products. Due to differences across countries, requirements for supplying foreign markets can lead to trade costs and thus hamper international trade. In...

This paper introduces a methodological framework based on indices for regulatory heterogeneity which is useful to evaluate technical, sanitary and phytosanitary requirements in international agri-food trade. The study uses the index of regulatory heterogeneity in trade (HIT index), constructed...

Non-tariff measures (NTMs) beyond traditional trade policy instruments define the requirements that importing countries imposed on foreign products. Due to differences across countries, requirements for supplying foreign markets can lead to trade costs and thus hamper international trade. In...