This paper reviews empirical tests of two of the main implications of the internationalization model: that firms, as they gain international experience, enter markets of increasing psychic distance and that they enter a given market with successive entry modes that reflect increasing commitment....

We empirically test the proposition that foreign direct investors should use joint ventures with local firms for their first investment in unfamiliar markets. By tracking the expansion paths of Japanese investors in the US, we find no evidence that the growth of Japanese firms which first...

This study aims to investigate the liability of foreignness, or the additional difficulties of foreign companies compared to their local competitors. Past studies have found fair amount of empirical evidences for the liability of foreignness. The present study attempts to take one step further...

This study analyzes how market barriers and firm capabilities affect multinationals' choice of joint ventures versus wholly-owned subsidiaries abroad. In the study, we compile a vector of variables that distinguish between industry-specific barriers and firm-specific capabilities to analyze...

This paper discusses some of the recent theories of why countries impose countertrade obligations and compares some of the implications of these theories with data obtained from a comprehensive database of countertrade transactions.© 1990 JIBS. Journal of International Business Studies (1990)...

This paper looks at the historical record of early foreign direct investment in Malaysian tin mining and draws its implications for the theory of the MNE.© 1986 JIBS. Journal of International Business Studies (1986) 17, 131–143