This paper presents an application of the continuum traffic equilibrium model for the cordon-based congestion pricing problem. The traffic equilibrium model treats densely spaced roads as a continuum over which commuters are continuously dispersed. Suppose in the morning peak-hour, all commuters...

A predictive continuum dynamic user-optimal (PDUO-C) model is formulated in this study to investigate the dynamic characteristics of traffic flow and the corresponding route-choice behavior of travelers within a region with a dense urban road network. The modeled region is arbitrary in shape...

Consider a city with several facilities competing for multi-class users that are distributed continuously over space. Within the city region, the road network is relatively dense and is considered as a continuum. A user equilibrium condition results when users freely make their choice of...