This paper discusses the creation of a European Banking Union. First, we discuss questions of design. We highlight seven fundamental choices that decision makers will need to make: Which EU countries should participate in the banking union? To which categories of banks should it apply? Which...

Countries can make a clean exit from financial assistance, or enter a new programme or a precautionary programme, depending on the sustainability of their public debt and their vulnerability to shocks. Ireland made a clean exit in December 2013, supported by significant budgetary and...

Read update 'The Troika and financial assistance in the euro area: successes and failures' (coming 19/02) Three years ago, in May 2010, Greece became the first euro-area country to receive financial assistance from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund in exchange for...

Why is Japan a good case study to help Europe overcome the economic and �nancial crisis that started more than �ve years ago? What can Japan learn from Europe's experience? Japan and the EU are both open economies with signi�cant trade and �nancial links; both face in many...

edited by Reinhilde Veugelers Publication Launch 'Manufacturing Europe's Future' 'Industrial policy is back!â?? This is the message given in the European Commissionâ??s October 2012 communication on industrial policy (COM(2012) 582 final), which seeks to reverse the declining role of the...

The euro crisis and subsequent policy responses have challenged the assumptions underpinning the governance of the euro area, and the relationship between the European Unionâ??s euro- and non-euro countries. The euro policy regime has become increasingly complex and difficult to manage, raising...

One complement to domestic climate policies could be the regulation of carbon dioxide emissions arising during the production of imported products. Such â??border carbon adjustmentsâ?? (BCAs) are said to have several benefits, but are also severely criticised. This Policy Brief highlights some...

Bruegel Policy Brief 04/2014 is addressed to the incoming Presidents of the European institutions. It is the first in a series of memos to the new European leadership to be launched in September, which will address individual Commissioners with priorities for their portfolio. Take part in the...

The new EU leadership â?? the president of the European Commission and his team of commissioners, and the presidents of the European Council and of the European Parliament â?? will have to address pressing challenges. Go to eu2do.bruegel.org to read all the Memos, download the individual Memos...

â?¢ The single market is often perceived as the panacea for Europeâ??s economic troubles. It is believed that completing the single market would boost welfare, stimulate growth and increase European competitiveness. â?¢ However, identifying and quantifying the channels through which market...