Amid the polycrises of Covid-19, the conflict in Ukraine and the intensification of geopolitical tensions, mid-size European donors face pressures to leverage development cooperation to secure their foreign policy goals. These donors now deploy a diverse toolbox of development levers to...

The Commodity price slump since 2014 continues to impact China-Africa economic relations, reducing Chinese FDI and loans to Africa, as well as shrinking African export values to China. Diversification can be observed in both trade and loan financing. Agricultural products and manufactured goods...