The notion of a defence Union has been played with since the beginning of the European integration. Despite hardships in deepening the integration further from that of the economy, the European Union has taken some significant steps regarding foreign and security policy from the early 1990's to...

We present new evidence about the relationship between military conflict and city population growth in Europe from the fall of Charlemagne's empire to the start of the Industrial Revolution. Military conflict was a main feature of European history. We argue that cities were safe harbors from...

Years of uncoordinated cuts in defence spending have eroded the EU's role as a security actor in what is now a multipolar world. This CEPS Task Force report aims to provide member states and the EU institutions with the narrative to strengthen defence cooperation in the EU, in the face of...