during elementary school, but only among the low SES children. Consequently, the high PGS children experience the largest … to selection into different environments, the high PGS children are simply better at extracting resources from a given …

work, household chores, and school related activities of Guatemalan children between 2000 and 2011. The paper also exploits … conditional on having stayed in school for time t. Results suggest that working children are two to four times more likely to drop … out of school or to have never enrolled than the rest of the children in the sample. The findings also reveal the …