I use game-theoretical models to compare a sender's expected payoff under two methods of wielding influence under incomplete information: offering rewards or threatening punishments. Attempts to influence another's behaviour can have the perverse effect of actually encouraging the behaviour that...

Romania had important trade relations with the Mediterranean countries since before 1990. Subsequently, in both the pre-accession and post-accession period, this group of countries took together about 47% of the extra-EU Romanian agri-food exports and 16% of the extra-EU imports (averages...