Internationality is in the Federal Republic of Germany no mere slogan. A country whose industry and commerce is so closely interlinked with the economies of other countries needs international cooperation, and that not only within the restricted circle of its EEC partners, but also in the wider...

In the first dispute on renewable energy to come to WTO dispute settlement, the domestic content requirement of Ontario's feed-in tariff was challenged as a discriminatory investment-related measure and as a prohibited import substitution subsidy. The panel and Appellate Body agreed that Canada...

International financial crises in the late 1990s revealed that deficiencies in countries’ international reserves and related information made it difficult to anticipate and respond to crises by obscuring financial weaknesses and imbalances. This volume sets forth an innovative framework to...

This book is an update of the Guidelines published in 2001. It sets forth the underlying framework for the Reserves Data Template, and provides operational advice for its use. The updated version also includes three new appendices aimed at assisting member countries in reporting the required data

The study aims to explore the euroization phenomenon in the Balkans, or more precisely, the main determinants of currency euroization in the selected seven Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, North Macedonia, Romania, and Serbia) between 2000 and 2019. Currency...

In contrast to some recent research, this paper finds that institutional and macroeconomic factors are related to the depth and currency composition of government bond markets. Using panel data for developed and emerging economies, we find several factors to be systematically associated with...

We analyze the impact of technology on production and trade in services, focusing on the foreign exchange market. We identify exogenous technological changes by the connection of countries to submarine fiber-optic cables used for electronic trading, but which were not laid for purposes related...