reform, because politicians have the incentive to embrace growth-enhancing reforms to win elections. On the other hand …

China’s reform worked and produced some of the most impressive growth in the largest developing and transition economy … conventional institutions such as rule of law and secure private property rights is puzzling. To understand how reform works in a … initial conditions and to function as stepping stones in the transition toward the goal. Underlying China’s reform is a serial …

different models of growth associated with different stages of reform. The speed with which individual countries progress …

. Members have the same consumption benefit of reform but weak and strong members differ in their cost of exerting reform … efforts. As decisions are taken by unanimity, the reform level is determined by the weakest member. However, strong members … members into the Union) can have different effects on deepening (more reform effort). When a new member is stronger than the …

banks in 26 former socialist economies (FSEs). The indices reveal that central bank reform in the FSE during the 1990s has …

We construct objective measures of privatization, internal and external liberalization reform efforts, across countries … studies and find that the macroeconomic effects of reform (when measured objectively) tend to be larger and more precisely …

on resource abundance equals 10.9 percentage points more reform, a large effect given that the mean probability of reform …