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China considers innovation be one of the key drivers of its future growth and convergence with more developed countries … technological catch- up, China must revise its approach to innovation policy. This paper takes stock of China's progress in building … a modern national innovation (NIS) system, reviews international good practice in promoting innovation and shares policy …
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This companion piece to the Fall 2022 ECA Economic Update provides an overview of the policy options available to countries to respond to the energy price shock and examines how this crisis could harness the clean energy transition to enhance collective energy security. The options to support...
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Since February 2022, geopolitical events have made clear Europe's need to diversify its energy sources and avoid excessive dependence on fossil fuel imports. The drop in Russian natural gas flows to Europe in 2022 marked the single largest supply shock in the history of global gas markets. It...
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