This paper uses a large language model to develop an ex-ante measure of the commercial potential of scientific findings. In addition to validating the measure against the typical holdout sample, we validate it externally against 1.) the progression of scientific findings through a major...

Academic inventions are key drivers of technical progress in modern economies, and exclusive licensing has become the dominant means of transfer to the private sector. However, the strong licensee incentives generated by exclusive academic licensing are generally assumed to come at the expense...

The patent system gives the courts discretion to tailor patentability standards flexibly across technologies to provide optimal incentives for innovation. For chemical inventions, the courts deem them unpatentable if the chemical lacks a practical, non-research-based use at the time patent...

It is widely known that demand-pull policies in the United States, especially the federal investment tax credits (ITC) and the California Solar Initiative (CSI), have led to a rapid escalation in the installation of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. But there has been little systematic study into...

The US government, in reviewing competition policy issues that might impact standards, needs to be aware that the issues at hand have tremendous geopolitical consequences and cannot be looked at in isolation. The best way to ensure leadership is to incent business enterprises operating in the US...

The purpose of this report is twofold. First, to describe the digitalization of modern manufacturing and U.S. businesses' adoption of digital technologies and identify the implications for policy carried by these trends. And second, to provide recommendations for competition policy in Korea...

New technologies often pose challenges to the existing intellectual property regime. This chapter explores three possible government policy responses to new technologies. First, a government can “do not harm” and not affirmatively regulate the technology. Second, a government may wait for...

This chapter reviews the data and literature on gender, race and ethnicity differences in research funding in the United States and Europe. The gender gap in research funding has closed at the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health in the United States and substantially...

This paper reviews the literature on benefits and (potential) problems from university patenting and licensing activity, based on 109 papers published between 1980 to 2004. Reasons for university patenting activities include positive influence on researchers' careers, prestige and earnings;...