exogenous instruments of fertility. The results show strong impact of children on preventing old parents from strenuous works at ….8 percentage points. Such impact is especially strong among the more vulnerable elder parents with worse health and little pension … sizes and compelling old parents in bad health to continue working. …

The consequences of early motherhood for the offspring are severely understudied, especially in low- and middle-income … age on offspring human capital in terms of health and cognition. The analysis relies on mother fixed effects to allow for … phases of childhood and early adolescence. Our results indicate that children born to early mothers are shorter for their age …