--and corresponding lapses in implicit childcare--provide a unifying explanation for these patterns. The summer drop in female employment …-age children, and coincides with increased time spent engaging in childcare. Decomposing the gender gap in summer work …

the likelihood of the households having childcare expenses. Finally, consistent with the tradeoffs of policy design, we …

College-educated mothers spend substantially more time in intensive childcare than less educated mothers despite their … childcare more. We find that among all mothers, spending time in childcare is associated with higher positive feelings compared … negative feelings during intensive childcare than other mothers. Moreover, college-educated mothers report substantially fewer …

This paper examines the multigenerational impact of children and whether the public provision of formal childcare … earnings of mothers and employment of grandmothers. Studying a universal childcare program in Quebec, we find formal childcare … and the pre-policy supply of informal childcare by grandmothers …

slightly less time performing childcare, but much less time in other household activities than partnered mothers. Unpartnered … husbands spend substantial time in childcare and with their children, the results suggest that children of non …

men and women report substantial increases in childcare and housework burdens, but women experienced significantly larger …

. Non-parental care for high-SES children is more likely to be in childcare centers, where average quality is higher, and … less likely to be provided by relatives where average quality is lower. Even within types of childcare, higher-SES children …