</titre> Fair trade is increasing in developing countries with in the same time some movements of local certification. We analyse this double movement. We underline the existence of three concomitant reasons : a reaction to the hegemony exerted by FLO on fair trade standards, the need to create new...

</titre> Basing our study on a gravity model using panel data, we estimate the effects on exports of the progress achieved by a country as regards CO2 emissions in relation to its partners. The model includes dummy variables corresponding to the internal and external trade flows of regional groups. The...

</titre> This contribution analyses the link between the process of regional economic integration in East Asia and the history of two major recent economic crises : 1997, the so-called ?Asian crisis?, and 2007 the ?subprime crisis?, ten years later. In 1997, an economic crisis is generated in Asia,...

</titre> Many disputes between States are specific. They deal with spaces and resources linked with marine ecosystems and activities, and require a special Law : International Law of the Sea. This one, firstly divides States rights on marine spaces, but has another role since 1950 : the regulation of...

</titre> Medical tourism is seen as a recent concept and is mainly seen as plastic surgery in developing countries. However, medical tourism refers to patients taking advantage of medical services abroad in an environment different from that of their everyday lives. Several factors have led to this...

</titre> In this paper, we study the consequences of the absence of a precise definition of the notion of developing countries in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Negotiations engaged since 2001 in the Doha round cannot, in our opinion, find a way other than taking into account the heterogeneity of...

</titre> <alinea/> Humanitarian NGOs which help developing countries are usually assessed by their funders, not their beneficiaries. Such a system brings several conflicts of interest : 1) it needs to be approved by those who are evaluated and so does not deal with ?bad eggs? that refuse to be investigated ;...

This paper tests for the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth among some developing countries distributed between three geographic areas, over the period 1990-2005. Our results are derived from the 3SLS estimator. Our main findings show that FDIs do...

The formation of the innovation potential of multinational firms in life science industries is so costly that the appropriation of the inventions stemming from it and of the resources it includes is fundamental. This explains the extension and the strengthening of intellectual property rights...

The economic analysis of the links between institutions and development is crucial with regard to the challenges linked to the health situation and the conditions of the access to health services of populations in disadvantaged countries. Besides the insufficiency of the aid for development,...