This paper addresses the final steps to global free trade – what they might look like, what sort of political economy … here to stay; world trade is regulated by a motley assortment of unilateral, bilateral and multilateral trade agreements; 2 …) this motley assortment is not the best way to organise world trade. Moving to global duty-free trade will require a …

continuum of goods to show that trade liberalization causes higher unemployment in countries with comparative advantage in … contradicting evidence in the empirical literature on the impact of trade on unemployment. …

) bilateral trade openness reduces bilateral cultural distance; (ii) the more differentiated the products, the more trade reduces … cultural distance; (iii) trade openness has a lock-in effect on culture. Third, we test the model using an instrumental … bilateral trade openness translates into a 43% standard deviation decrease in bilateral cultural distance. …

something else mattered just as much: the opening up of the European economy to international trade. …

This paper analyzes empirically the relationship between civil wars and international trade. We first show that trade … presence of two effects that trade can have on the risk of civil conflicts: it may act as a deterrent if trade gains are put at … risk during civil wars but it may also act as an insurance if international trade provides a substitute to internal trade …

To the extent that trade policy affects trade flows between countries, the ramifications can be far-reaching from an … of trade between countries on changes in the rate of reduction in the size of the income gap that exists between them …. Export and import data are used as the criteria for determining bilateral trade between major trade partners, resulting in …

oceanic trade. Moreover, Atlantic ports grew much faster than other West European cities, including Mediterranean ports …. Atlantic trade and colonialism affected Europe both directly and indirectly by inducing institutional changes. In particular …, the growth of New World, African and Asian trade after 1500 strengthened new segments of the commercial bourgeoisie and …