This paper proposes a paradigm shift in the valuation of long term cash-linked annuities and equity-linked annuities with cash-linked guarantees, away from classical no-arbitrage pricing towards pricing under the real world probability measure. In contrast to risk neutral pricing, which is a...

Is it possible to achieve almost riskless investment results in the long run through equity investments? The persistence of low interest rates is spurring research on this question, because of the need to increase yields, while limiting variability of investment results. Target date funds aim to...

This paper introduces a benchmark model for financial markets, which is based on the unique characterization of a benchmark portfolio that is chosen to be the growth optimal portfolio. The general structure of risk premia for asset prices and portfolios is derived. Furthermore, the short rate is...

Monetary policy has pursued the concept of inflation targeting. This has been implemented in many countries. Here interest rates are supposed to respond to an inflation gap and output gap. Yet, recently monetary policy, in particular in the US after the subprime and the credit crises, the...

This paper describes a financial market modelling framework that exploits the notion of a deflator . The denominations of the deflator measured in units of primary assets form a minimal set of basic financial quantities that completely specify the overall market dynamics, where deflated asset...

The paper proposes a financial market model that generates stochastic volatility and stochastic interest rate using a minimal number of factors that characterise the dynamics of the different denominations of the deflator. It models asset prices essentially as functionals of square root and...

Traditional life insurance policies offer no equity investment opportunities for the premium paid, and suffer from low returns over the long insurance terms. Modern equity-linked insurance policies offer equity investment opportunities exposed to equity market risk. To combine the low-risk of...

This paper aims to unify and generalize several of the widely-used pricing approaches for long-dated contracts with a focus on market-consistent valuation. It proposes a loading pricing concept that combines the theoretically possible minimal price of a contract with its formally obtained risk...

This paper proposes a paradigm shift in the valuation of long term annuities, away from classical no-arbitrage valuation towards valuation under the real world probability measure. Furthermore, we apply this valuation method to two examples of annuity products, one having annual payments linked...

The need for the management of risks related to the COVID-19 epidemic in health, economics, finance and insurance became obvious after its outbreak. As a basis for respective quantitative methods, the paper models in a novel manner the dynamics of an epidemic via a four-dimensional stochastic...