'agglomeration in a system of cities' in which both intra-city trade and inter-city trade are considered. Enriching both the … economic (i.e. intensity of trade) integration, the higher is the magnitude of the inefficiency. From a theoretical point of …

trade elasticities. The elasticities we compute depend directly on the specialization of trade across sectors, which is … North Macedonia - i.e. trade elasticities relevant to policy - and ultimately to calibration choices. The income and price …

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are increasingly dealing with challenges shaped by the new geopolitical and trade … technical barriers to trade (TBTs) and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures. Although trade costs associated with these … international network of subsidiaries, and those that are located in trading partners with deep preferential trade agreements can …

A key characteristic of any trade bloc is its “flexibility” – the extent to which it can be modified or augmented by … existing members. This paper investigates how prospective trade bloc members value the flexibility of proposed trade agreements … in a changing trading environment. We demonstrate that country characteristics as well as the nature of the trade shock …