A Kalman filter for application to stationary or non-stationary time series is proposed. A major feature is a new initialisation method to accommodate non-stationary time series. The filter works on time series with missing values at any point of time including the initialisation phase. It can...

A Kalman filter, suitable for application to a stationary or a non-stationary time series, is proposed. It works on time series with missing values. It can be used on seasonal time series where the associated state space model may not satisfy the traditional observability condition. A new...

A Kalman filter for application to stationary or non-stationary time series is proposed. A major feature is a new initialisation method to accommodate non-stationary time series. The filter works on time series with missing values at any point of time including the initialisation phase. It can...

We investigate the importance of aggregate and consumer-specific or idiosyncratic labour income risk for aggregate consumption changes in the US over the period 1952-2001. Theoretically, the effect of labour income risk on consumption changes is decomposed into an aggregate and into an...