In cash flow valuation, on grounds of simplicity, it is common to assume that the leverage is constant over time. With constant leverage, the return to levered equity is constant and consequently, the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) applied to the Free Cash Flow is constant. However,...

Vélez-Pareja and Tham, 2003a, Vélez-Pareja and Tham, 2003b and Tham and Vélez-Pareja, 2004 showed the matching between discounted cash flow (DCF) methods and value added methods. They departed from the net operating profit less adjusted taxes NOPLAT and net income when using market values to...

This teaching note is devoted to the definition and calculation of cash flows, namely, cash flow to debt, (CFD), cash flow to equity, (CFE), capital cash flow, (CCF), tax savings, (TS) and free cash flow, (FCF). We use the direct and the indirect methods to derive the relevant cash flow profiles...

We present the derivation of cost of capital under the assumption of risky tax shields discounted with the cost of levered equity. We show that the formulation is consistent and is derived from basic financial principles. This formulation is valid for finite cash flows and non growing...

En Vélez-Pareja y Tham (2003), se presentó la forma de hacer coincidir los métodos de valor agregado (utilidad económica (UE) (Residual Income Method, RIM) y el valor económico agregado (VEA) (Economic Value Added, EVA)) y los métodos de flujo de caja descontado (discounted cash flow,...

We derive and present the formula for optimal debt under the assumption that tax shields are discounted at the cost of levered equity, Ke and cash flows are on perpetuity. The formulation is consistent and is derived from basic financial principles. This formulation is valid for non-growing...

Se presenta la derivación de costo de capital bajo la premisa del ahorro deimpuestos de riesgo descuento con el costo de capital apalancado. Se demuestraque la formulación es coherente y se deriva de los principios financieros básicos. Esta formulación es válida para los flujos de caja...

Este capítulo está dedicado a la definición y aplicación del concepto del 'costo de capital' y la valoración de los flujos de caja desde diferentes puntos de vista. Se presenta un método para estimar el costo de la deuda y las formulaciones generales del costo del patrimonio y del...

This chapter is devoted to the definition and application of the cost of capital"concept to the valuation of cash flows from different points of view. We present an approach to estimate the cost of debt and general formulations for the cost of equity and the traditional weighted average cost of...

In “Consistency in Chocolate: A Fresh Look at Copeland’s Hershey Foods & Co Case” we showed the inconsistencies regarding the assumption of constant leverage and the inconsistency in the values for equity calculated with different approaches. In this second part we show the differences in...