Turkey was struck by two major events on 17 August and 12 November 1999, named Izmit (M <Subscript>w</Subscript> = 7.4) and Düzce (M <Subscript>w</Subscript> = 7.2) earthquakes, respectively. Rubble mound breakwaters in Izmit Bay experienced little damage, as forecasted by the new risk assessment model in which tsunami occurrence risk...</subscript></subscript>

Service offerings are largely intangible in nature. Customers are thus unable to assess the purchase outcome prior to experience, rendering the risk of possible customer dissatisfaction very high. It is argued that the concept of service guarantees proposed by services management theory can be...