We develop and study a two-period model of political competition with office- and policy-motivated candidates, in which (i) changes of policies impose costs on all individuals and (ii) such costs increase with the magnitude of the policy change. We show that there is an optimal positive level of...

We examine the effect of interim turnout rate polls on elections within a costly voting model of a large electorate with private values and two alternatives. We consider that (i) one group of citizens votes before the rest and (ii) the individuals of the second group know the first group's...