companies in England and the Netherlands in the early 17th century. Highlighting medieval cases in southern Europe, we claim …

simple algorithm for its calculation. When combined with detailed spatial geography data from Europe, the equilibrium …

opportunities to access elite status than Premodern Europe, for example via the civil service exam and the absence of hereditary … differences in the power structure of society: (1) the Ruler enjoyed weaker absolute power in Europe; (2) the People were more on … differences between Imperial China and Premodern Europe, as well as specific institutions such as the bureaucracy in China and the …

levels of carbon emissions (and higher annual changes)--in all sectors over three continents, Asia, Europe, and North America …

Inequalities in life expectancy are starker in the U.S. than in Europe. In 1990 White Americans and Europeans in rich … comparison with Europe suggests that mortality rates of both Black and White Americans could fall much further across all ages …

Since the turn of the last century, nationalistic political parties have been gaining support in Europe. Over the same …