from a low-wage country. Offshoring an intermediate is only profitable when it has matured sufficiently and the savings in … for parts that are only exported later, consistent with offshoring becoming gradually more difficult. …

This paper empirically assesses the responsiveness of US offshoring to intellectual property rights (IPR) reforms in 16 … countries. We construct a measure of US offshoring at the industry level based on trade in intermediate goods, covering 23 … industries for the period 1973–2006. For each industry, we differentiate between broad offshoring and intra-industry offshoring …

–South theoretical framework, I show that higher Northern tariffs reduce the incentives for outsourcing and offshoring, while higher … Southern tariffs have the opposite effects. I also show that increased offshoring and outsourcing imply a decrease in the ratio …

In contrast to the existing offshoring literature that typically views foreign outsourcing and integration as … alternative strategies, the simultaneous use of these two offshoring strategies by multinational firms becomes common practice in … outsourcing and insourcing strategies. Analyzing Korean firm-level data, we find a possible complementarity between the two …