-level imports by country of origin and distinguish betweenfirm-level outsourcing of nal versus intfirmediate goods. Results indicate … that, both industry-level import competition andfirm-level outsourcing to China reducefirm employment growth and induce … skill upgrading. In contrast, industry-level imports have no e ect on Belgianfirm survival, whilefirm-level outsourcing of …

-level imports by country of origin and distinguish between firm-level outsourcing of final versus intermediate goods. Results … indicate that, both industry-level import competition and firm-level outsourcing to China reduce firm employment growth and …-level outsourcing of finished goods to China even increased firm's probability of survival. In terms of skill upgrading, the effect of …

-level imports by country of origin and distinguish between firm-level outsourcing of final versus intermediate goods. Results … indicate that, both industry-level import competition and firm-level outsourcing to China reduce firm employment growth and …-level outsourcing of finished goods to China even increased firm's probability of survival. In terms of skill upgrading, the effect of …

Feenstra and Hanson (1997) have argued in the context of the North American Free Trade Agreement that US outsourcing to … skill part. As a result, skilled workers in Austria are losing from outsourcing, while gaining in Poland. In Austria …. In both countries outsourcing contributes roughly 35 percent to these changes in the relative wages for skilled workers …