received over their careers, and employed to highlight the implications of patent institutions for markets in inventions and … for democratization. The United States deliberately created a patent system that differed from existing European systems … in ways that significantly affected the course of technological change. Patent rights in the U.S. helped to define and …

patentability standards at PTOs (Patent and Trademark Offices awarding so-called bad patents), not only "false innovators" have the … chance of being granted patents but also, and more interestingly, "true innovators" are forced to patent more intensively … distortions caused by bad patents. Moreover, we show that introducing a two-tiered patent system is unlikely to improve market …

this interpretation of the ethics of responsibility and the ethics of compensation within a broad class of economic … ethics of compensation, and we report an impossibility result that clarifies the source of this conflict. …

We report the results of a field experiment in which treated employers could not observe the compensation history of …

What is the appropriate lump-sum compensation for loss of work income in personal injury cases? Since generally future … work income is not known with certainty, compensation for its loss must be based on statistical considerations. Typically … economic theory to address this issue. We find that the relation between the appropriate compensation and the mean and median …

Courts typically base compensation for loss of income in personal injury cases on either mean or median work income …-whole (full) compensation and mean and median work incomes. Given that consumption uncertainty associated with compensation … generally exceeds that associated with work income, we show that the appropriate make-whole compensation exceeds mean (and …