The practice of trade cost measurement faces several challenges related to data quality, methodology and theory; but … the major issue is that of data scarcity. Due to these facts both domestic and asymmetric trade costs have been ignored … despite being a feature of modern trade models. This paper offers a two-step procedure to tackle these limitations and fill the …

consumer-centered economy. The consumer-centered economy is challenging our standard trade and development theories in which …

This article analyzes the relationship between export competitiveness and investment in machinery, allowing for … trade regimes, they were able to benefit from the cost reducing effect. The results imply that innovative effort based on …