show a significant impact of openness on productivity growth. We find also an effect, significant at the ten per cent level … MENA countries. To answer the question: whether either human capital or openness can be shown to cause productivity, we use …, of the level of human capital on the level of income but no effect on underlying productivity growth. Our preferred …

Using evidence from Colombia, the authors study the relationship between firms' productivity and their export market … at achieving high and sustainable economic growth in the long run. …