The measurement of achievement growth raises many challenges, including how to define "growth" and select or develop a growth measure that captures that definition. Despite these complications, current federal educational policies focus on student growth measures for accountability purposes....

Needle sharing contributes to the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus and other health concerns and remains a persistent problem among injection drug users. We determined whether needle sharing may be related to the discounting of the value of delayed outcomes. Outpatients in treatment...