This paper describes how the standard GTAP framework may be used to assess the short-run impacts of changes in international capital market conditions. It describes a technique that can be used to examine the short-run effects of changes in country risk. In the standard GTAP model investment...

This paper studies the effect of international trade in food and timber on land use and potential carbon leakage in the context of actions to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). First a simple analytical model of international leakage is presented that focuses on...

This paper studies the effect of endogenous technical change and international technology spillovers on carbon leakage. It is well known that a unilateral CO2 abatement policy in one region may cause CO2 emissions to increase in non-abating regions because of the relocation of CO2-intensive...