Background . Michigan Medicaid outpatient prescription drug program implemented the following four policies to address rising expenditures considered "out of control": (1) February 2002: Preferred Drug List (PDL); (2) February 2003: Joint Purchasing Arrangement (JPA); (3) November 2003: Maximum...

This paper analyses the effects of immigration on waiting times in the National Health Service (NHS) in England. Linking administrative records from the Hospital Episode Statistics (2003-2012) with immigration data drawn from the UK Labour Force Survey, we find that immigration reduced waiting...

Owing to lack of relevant data on health human resource (HHR) migration, the empirical dimension of the health-worker crisis debate has remained void despite abundant theoretical literature. A health worker crisis is overwhelming the world. Shortages in health professionals are reaching...