Empirical evidence has emerged of the possibility of fractional cointegration such that the gap, β, between the integration order δ of observable time series and the integration order γ of cointegrating errors is less than 0.5. This includes circumstances when observables are stationary or...

Cointegrated bivariate nonstationary time series are considered in a fractional context, without allowance for deterministic trends. Both the observable series and the cointegrating error can be fractional processes. The familiar situation in which the respective integration orders are 1 and 0...